Analysis Essay on Childhood Obesity - 803 Words

Although the issue of what constitutes obesity is not black and white and some experts object to the statement that is what really matters. I agree with the above statement because achieving results benefits young and old. I also feel that childhood obesity is not an epidemic. I do feel that a parent should show their child right from wrong when it comes to eating habits. However, I feel that once the child is seven years old he/she should be able to choose what kind of foods are good and bad for you. When it comes to allowing your children to watch television, and play video games over going outside and riding, their bike is to blame on the parent. Is childhood obesity an epidemic? It depends on whom you ask. According to authors such†¦show more content†¦She feels that thirty percent of children are overweight or obese and fifteen percent are between the ages of 6 and 11. According to Lafferty (2006), if you are an overweight child, you have a seventy percent chance of being an overweight adult and if you have overweight parent or parents, you have an eighty percent chance of being an overweight child. She also feels that children will have low self-esteem. (Lafferty, , 2006). Lafferty makes many more points (claims) in her essay that are logical. She gives supporting evidence behind what is said in her essay through citations and reference pages. As I can see she gives great explanations to what she writes and makes her argument believable. According to Pruitt (2009),† the Hispanic subgroup had approximately thirty-seven percent more overweight prevalence in 2004, higher that both non-Hispanic black children (they are thirty-five percent), and non-Hispanic white children (they are sixteen percent) (Pruitt, 2009,).† Pruitt stated (Pruitt,, 2009) that 21.8 percent of Hispanics and 12.3 percent of Caucasian children are overweight. He addresses the health issues, as did the other authors. However, he stated (Pruitt,, 2009) that being overweight causes a longer recovery time after surgery. Pruitt said, overweight children are made fun of by their peers and do not want to participate in school sports or activities due to body related issues or beca use they areShow MoreRelatedCausal Analysis Essay : Childhood Obesity913 Words   |  4 PagesCausal Analysis Essay A drive down the road in any given American city and one can observe at least one reason that the United States is struggling with obesity. One would be hard pressed to find a community that is not teeming with fast food restaurants. However, it might surprise some that the obesity epidemic in our country has reached the most vulnerable population of all and they aren’t even capable of driving themselves to these bastions of unhealthy food. The childhood obesity level hasRead MoreCritical Arguement Analysis Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Argument Analysis Destanie Garcia ENG/215CA October 10, 2011 Patricia Moody Critical Argument Analysis Childhood obesity is an ongoing epidemic in today’s society. This essay will focus on three different professional articles, which are related to childhood obesity. The three articles in this essay are â€Å"Fighting Childhood Obesity,† â€Å"Recognizing and Preventing Childhood Obesity,† and â€Å"Understanding and Acting on the Growing Childhood and Adolescent Weight Crisis: A Role for SocialRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Overbearing Truth1664 Words   |  7 PagesJayden Sadettan Schlesinger English 131 November 22nd 2015 Childhood Obesity; the Overbearing Truth. â€Å"Childhood obesity is best tackled at home through improved parental involvement, increased physical exercise, better diet and restraint from eating† – Bob Filner Imagine growing up in a household where one can eat anything. Whether an unlimited amount of sweets or entrees. This is happening now. Parents are unaware of their children eating and physical habits. Leading to the whopping amount of $190Read MoreChildhood Obesity : An Unmet Problem All Throughout The World958 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity is an unmet problem all throughout the world, including in the United States of America. According to Greg Critser, a writer of medicine and science, in his excerpt, Too Much of a Good Thing, childhood obesity is a growing health issue and has been for over a decade. He claims that approximately one quarter of all Americans under the age of nineteen are overweight (161). However, Critser states that parents are not to be blamed for childhood obesity because a child restrainedRead MoreCurrent Health Promotion: Obesity782 Words   |  3 PagesPrepare a Current Health Promotion that analyzes a current health care need and is appropriate fo r use in the general public. Present a detailed analysis as to why your analysis is appropriate for the general public. Obesity is a significant problem for todays American children. The Northern California Cancer Center, for instance, calculates that more than 23 million children and teenagers are overweight and that this epidemic is growing. Sharma (2006) recommends that nutrition behaviors shouldRead MoreThe Effects Of Playing Video Games On Adolescents1554 Words   |  7 PagesAhyoung Song Professor Christina Collins English 1004 23 November 2016 Adolescents Playing Video Games An Issue Analysis Essay Introduction: Are there people who have never played video games at least once in their adolescence? You might recall some happy memories of playing video games with your best friends or that your parents punished you because you spent a lot of time playing video games. Most school teachers and parents are apt to think that playing video games in adolescence might only haveRead MoreDonT Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko1049 Words   |  5 Pagesargument he makes the reader view the consumer as a victim yet on the other hand, what he is trying to persuade us to believe by using logos,pathos,and ethos in his argument is that the food industry is the one making the nations youth to increase obesity. The capacity of impressive questions and personal experience, he composed in the text he is able to comprehensively argue against the fast food industry. The author persuades us right away by starting of with a question: â€Å"Kids taking on McDonaldsRead MoreObesity : The Obesity Epidemic1711 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThe obesity epidemic has now become one of the most pressing issues of our time. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) said â€Å"...obesity has more than doubled worldwide since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults (39 percent of Earth’s adult population) were overweight. That includes 600 million who were obese† (Kiener 2015). In the United States, slightly more than one third of adults are obese (FRAC 2016), and obesity-related deaths make up 18% of all deaths, which is now more thanRead More Controversial Television Advertising Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Television Advertising We all know from our personal experience that one person’s idea of something offensive often differs from another’s. This essay is to determine the consequences towards negative advertising towards certain controversial products/services and why they are so offensive. All major media organizations need advertising to exist, thats how they pay their bills. At the same time, though, each organization sets its own advertising standards. Some ads a media companyRead MoreThe Effects of Poverty on Children Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesneeded to survive, develop and prosper in society. Studies have shown that the income status of a household and even the neighborhoods in which they reside can affect the amount of readily available resources needed to sustain a healthy child. This essay will examine the psychological and physical effects of poverty on children. The psychological aspect will include a look at behavioral problems in children, depression, chronic stress, and c onduct disorders such as ADHD. Poverty is known to decrease

Motocross Free Essays

Did you know Motocross is thought to be the most popular kind of motorcycle racing? It was established in Europe during the 1930’s and over a period of time it became popular all across the world. The game is made up of forty riders that compete on the same track at one time. A pro race will last around thirty minutes and a amateur race will last about 5 minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Motocross or any similar topic only for you Order Now My name is travis staubs and I have raced motocross for eight years of my life. Today I’m going to talk to you about the importance of gearing up for safety, how to operate the bike, some tips for you to enjoy racing. First you will need the proper gear and that includes: boots, knee pads or braces, chest protector, a helmet, goggles, gloves, and the racing jersey and racing pants. That gear will help protect anyone from seriously becoming injured. Hitting the ground isn’t fun when you do not have any protection on. Second, you need to make sure your bike is ready to ride. Your bike needs to be filled with fuel, have right amount of oil, your spokes need to be tighten, and the brakes work, really just the basic maintenance. Before starting the bike, you need to make sure the gas is on and the choke is on since you havent started the bike in a while. and then pull the kick starter out and kick down on the kick starter a few times and the bike should start. Once the bike has started, put the choke back in and let the engine warm up. It shouldn’t take that long for the bike to get warm. Once its warm, hope on the bike and make sure you have all your gear on. Pull the cluth in and click down on the gear shitfer. The cluth is on the handle bars infront of your left hand. But do not pull the throttle all the way back and take off , you will wreak. You want to ease out the clutch and have little gas to take off. To shift gears and to go faster you need mid rpms and once you do you want to pull the clutch in and shift the gear shitfer up to change gears and when you click down, you go into low gears for low speeds. Here are some tips for you:Try to ride all the time. The more you ride the faster and better you getDo not focus on trying to be perfect. No one is perfect just work on little pieces at a time. Such as elbows up, look forward, come into the turns, good line slections, and when you hear someone coming up behind you, do not go across the track, stay where you are because their going to go around you. Bike set up. Bars in a comfy position not to high or too low and like I said earlier about the maintenance. Its all about having a good time so just have a good time and don’t push yourself too hard. How to cite Motocross, Papers Motocross Free Essays Good morning class. The theme of my IA is motocross but today I will speak specifically on the topic â€Å"The development of motocross as an established sport†. What is motocross?†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Motocross or any similar topic only for you Order Now Motocross is defined as a timed motorcycle race over a closed outdoor course consisting of a winding dirt trail with hills, jumps, sharp turns, and often muddy terrain. This sport originated in Britain as an off-road event called scrambling. The first known scramble took place at Camberley, Surrey in 1924. The earliest motorcycles were little more than bicycles with small internal combustion engines attached. During these early years people sometimes, used the tracks built for bicycle racing for scrambling events. These early scrambling events were used to show case motorcycles entered by manufacturers to publicize their brand in much the same way they do today. By the late 1920’s â€Å"Scrambling† had become very popular in both Britain and France. The French added new dimensions to the sport, they shortened the tracks added laps and man made obstacles such as jumps. They also changed the name to what it is known as today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Motocross which is a combination of motorcycle and cross country. The bikes used for motocross during the late 1920’s were very similar to those used on the streets at that time such as Harley Davidson’s and Indians, which had rigid frames. By the 1930’s these then gave way to frames containing suspension and more advanced swinging fork rear suspension by the early 1950’s. According to the FIM motocross went international in 1947 when the Dutch national motorcycle federation hosted a competition called the motocross des nations for national teams on an estate in the Netherlands. Three countries were entered in the first year of the competition they were Great Britain, The Netherlands, and Belgium. The riders competed in races consisting of two heats each of eight laps, over a two mile circuit. Scoring was done by computing the total times of the top three riders from each national team. The British who were represented by, Bill Nicholson, Fred Rist, and Ray Scovell riding 500cc bikes manufactured by the British Small arms company won the competition, beating the Belgians by only 9 seconds. The popularity of the event was shown to have greatly improved as the second staging of the event in Belgium attracted thirty thousand spectators. The British continued to show their dominance in the sport as they went on to win the motocross des nations 15 times in the first twenty years of the event. In 1952 the FIM (Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme), the motorcycling’s international governing body, created an individual European Championship, and then upgraded it to a World Championship title in 1957. In 1962 a young engineer in East Germany Walter Kaaden, made a technological breakthrough that greatly improved the two-stroke engine and its usefulness which in turn â€Å"revolutionized† the motorcycle industry. His discovery was that of the principle of the expansion chamber, which when properly shaped, instantly increased the power of a two stroke engine by over 25 percent. This gave the 2 stroke engine a power to weight ratio that easily exceeded the 4-stroke engine. Another benefit of the 2 stroke engine was that it was less complicated and much cheaper to mass produce. As a result of this many industrial nations including Germany, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, and Japan quickly embraced the new technology. As engine design and power improved competition for 250cc motorcycles the class in which 2 strokes performed their best, began to gain in popularity and in 1962 the FIM created a 250cc world championship. As a result of the introduction of the 250cc class the growth of motocross during the 1970s was nothing less than a motorsport revolution. The growth of motocross when measured by the number of American motorcycle association sanctioned events grew one hundred fold between 1965 and 1975. In the 1980’s the sport developed even more in the US, the 250cc class went through the decade and in 1985 the East/West 125cc class which was created for the younger less experienced riders was formed. During the 1990’s the 250 class remained in the spotlight, with the main focus now moving from Europe where motocross had been more popular, to the USA, where riders such as Jeremy McGrath and Jeff Stanton consistently dominated the sport. Today, as a result of the advancements and achievements in the world of motocross it has allowed for the world to recognize it as an established sport in which many have excelled and shown greatness †¦. persons such as Jeremy McGrath, Ricky Carmichael, and James Stewart are some of the greatest names associated with the sport of motocross. How to cite Motocross, Essay examples

History Of Money Essay Example For Students

History Of Money Essay History of Money Let us consider a problem. You catch fish for your food supply, but youre tired of eating it every day. Instead you want to eat some bread. Fortunately, a baker lives next door. Trading the baker some fish for bread is an example of barter, the direct exchange of one good for another. However, barter is difficult when you try to obtain a good from a producer that doesnt want what you have. For example, how do you get shoes if the shoemaker doesnt like fish? The series of trades required to obtain shoes could be complicated and time consuming. Early societies faced these problems. The solution was money. Money is an item, or commodity, that is agreed to be accepted in trade. Over the years, people have used a wide variety of items for money, such as seashells, beads, tea, fish hooks, fur, cattle and even tobacco. There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably among the Lydians, in Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned. To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church grainaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of withdrawal thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact, during Alexander the great’s period, the grainaries were linked together, making cheques in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British cheques in the 1980s. The Egyptians had in fact invented the first giro system. Most early cultures traded precious metals. In 2500 B.C. the Egyptians produced metal rings for use as money. By 700 B.C., a group of seafaring people called the Lydians became the first in the Western world to make coins. The Lydians used coins to expand their vast trading empire. The Greeks and Romans continued the coining tradition and passed it on to later Western civilizations. Coins were appealing since they were durable, easy to carry and contained valuable metals. During the 18th century, coins became popular throughout Europe as trading grew. One of the most widely used coins was the Spanish 8-reale. It was often split into pieces or bits to make change. Half a coin was 4 bits, a quarter was 2 bits, a term still used today. Coins containing precious metals are an example of commodity money. The item was traded because it held value. For example, the value of the coin depended upon the amount of gold and silver it contained. The Chinese were the first to use paper money, beginning in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). During the Ming Dynasty in 1300 A.D., the Chinese placed the emperors seal and signatures of the treasurers on a crude paper made from mulberry bark. Representative money is tokens or pieces of paper that are not intrinsically valuable themselves, but can be exchanged for a specific commodity, such as gold or silver. In 1715 Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia issued a tobacco note which could be converted to a certain amount of tobacco. This type of money was easier to make large payments and carry than coin or tobacco leaves. Fiat money is similar to representative money except it cant be redeemed for a commodity, such as gold or silver. The Federal Reserve notes we use today are an example of fiat money. .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .postImageUrl , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:visited , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:active { border:0!important; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:active , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arizona Concrete Essay In 1967 Congress authorized the U.S. Treasury to stop redeeming silver certificates in silver dollars or bullion beginning the following year. By 1970 silver was removed from the production of coins. The old coins were gradually removed from circulation and replaced with new copper-cored coins that were faced or clad with layers of an alloy of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel the same alloy used in nickels. People are willing to accept fiat money in exchange for the goods and services they sell only because they are confident it will be honored when they buy goods and services. The Federal Reserve is responsible for maintaining the integrity of U.S. currency by setting monetary policy controlling the amount of money in circulation to keep prices stable. If prices remain stable, people have confidence that the dollar they use to buy goods and services today will buy a similar amount in the future.Business Essays

Thomas Jefferson Essays (8234 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson Sadly, modern Americans seem to have done a better job preserving what Thomas Jefferson has left us in bricks and mortar than we have preserving his ideas. Tourists visiting Charlottesville, Virginia, can witness firsthand the ongoing efforts to preserve Jefferson's home at Monticello as well as his splendid little Academical Village, the Lawn, which is still a vital center of student life at the University of Virginia. Further down the road, near Lynchburg, Virginia, preservationists have begun restoring Poplar Forest, Jefferson's retreat home. Scholars have been less successful in keeping alive his philosophy, particularly his ideas about government -- despite the copious record he left in his writings. Ken Burns's recent PBS documentary, Thomas Jefferson, is a case in point. It features a parade of scholars who simultaneously declare their own inability to understand Jefferson, and mislead others with interpretations of his life and thought that are as questionable as they are contradictory. Burns informs the viewer, for example, that Jefferson's life was full of contradictions: the man of the people with the tastes of an aristocrat, the natural rights philosopher who owned slaves, the lifelong champion of small government who more than doubled the size of the United States, and so on. Most of these alleged contradictions really aren't as antithetical as they appear, for they are based on faulty assumptions or misunderstandings of principles. Joseph Ellis, for example, reasserts the bromide -- common among modern liberal academics -- that the ideals of equality and the pursuit of happiness, as expressed in Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, are unattainable or contradictory. But there's nothing contradictory about equality of rights and each individual's pursuit of happiness, if the concept of rights is properly understood. Herbert Spencer's law of equal freedom, the radical Whigs' concept of natural liberty, and Jefferson's concept of natural society all accounted for how the two can work together. The fact that many of today's intellectuals simply don't get it reveals much more about them than it does about Jefferson. Misinterpretations of Jefferson's political thinking seem pandemic these days. The 1993 celebrations of the 250th anniversary of Jefferson's birth, for example, typically championed his reputation as father of American democracy. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, speaking at the University of Virginia, echoed the views of many Jefferson scholars that the permanence of Jefferson resided not in his specific theories or acts of government, but in his democratic faith. While it is certainly true that Jefferson was a leading proponent of representative democracy -- in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville called Jefferson the most powerful advocate democracy has ever sent forth -- his devotion to democracy was neither absolute nor unqualified. Indeed, Tocqueville thought it significant that Jefferson once warned James Madison that the tyranny of the legislature was the danger most to be feared in American government. To Jefferson, democracy and its associated principles -- majority rule, equal rights, direct representation of the people in government -- were valuable, not as ends in themselves, but as essential means to a greater end, the maximization of individual freedom in civil society. Liberty was Jefferson's highest value; he dedicated his life to what he once called the holy cause of freedom.1 A Radical Whig What repeatedly drew Jefferson away from his tranquil domestic life at Monticello and back into the political fray was precisely that holy cause of freedom, to which he felt duty-bound whenever he saw liberty threatened by a powerful central government -- whether it was the British government under King George III or the United States government under Federalist administrations. His passion for this cause was reflected in the language that he used in his political writings. Jefferson, the zealous defender of religious freedom, tended to use words such as holy, orthodox, or catholic when discussing political, not religious, principles; he reserved words such as heretic or apostate to denounce politicians whom he regarded as the enemies of liberty. He summed up his life's work in a letter written relatively early in his public career, in 1790, soon after his return to the United States following his ambassadorship to France. [T]he ground of liberty is to be gained by inches . . . [W]e must be contented to secure what we

How Itching Works and Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good

How Itching Works and Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good Humans and other animals itch for a variety of reasons. Scientists believe the underlying purpose of the annoying sensation (called pruritus) is so we can remove parasites and irritants and protect our skin. However, other things can lead to itching, including drugs, diseases, and even a psychosomatic response. How Itching Works While drugs and disease typically stimulate itching because of a chemical response, most of the time the sensation is a result of skin irritation. Whether the irritation starts from dry skin, a parasite, an insect bite, or chemical exposure, the itch-sensing nerve fibers (called pruriceptors) become activated. Chemicals that activate the fibers may be histamine from inflammation, opioids, endorphins, or the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin. These nerve cells are a special type of C-fiber, structurally like the C-fibers that transmit pain, except they send a different signal. Only about 5% of C-fibers are pruriceptors. When stimulated, pruriceptor neurons fire a signal to the spinal cord and the brain, which stimulates a rubbing or scratching reflex. In contrast, the response to the signal from pain receptors is an avoidance reflex. Scratching or rubbing an itch stops the signal by stimulating pain receptors and touch receptors in the same region. Drugs and Diseases That Make You Itch Since the nerve fibers for itching are in the skin, it makes sense most itching starts there. Psoriasis, shingles, ringworm, and chicken pox are conditions or infections that affect the skin. However, some drugs and illnesses can cause itching without underlying skin irritation. The antimalarial drug chloroquine is known to cause severe itching as a common side effect. Morphine is another drug known to cause itching. Chronic itching can result from multiple sclerosis, certain cancers, and liver disease. The ingredient that makes peppers hot, capsaicin, can cause itching as well as pain. Why Scratching an Itch Feels Good (But Isnt) The most satisfying relief for an itch is to scratch it. When you scratch, neurons fire pain signals to your brain, which temporarily overrides the itching sensation. The feel-good neurotransmitter serotonin is released to provide relief from the pain. Essentially, your brain rewards you for scratching. However, a study conducted at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis indicates scratching ultimately intensifies the itch because serotonin binds 5HT1A receptors in the spinal cord that activate GRPR neurons that stimulate more itchiness. Blocking serotonin isnt a good solution for people suffering chronic itching because the molecule is also responsible for growth, bone metabolism, and other key processes. How to Stop Itching So, scratching an itch, while pleasurable, is not a good way to stop itching. Getting relief depends on the cause of the pruritis. If the issue is skin irritation, it may help to cleanse the area with a gentle soap and apply an unscented lotion. If inflammation is present, an antihistamine (e.g., Benadryl), calamine, or hydrocortisone may help. Most pain relievers dont diminish itchiness, but opioid antagonists  offer relief to some people. Another option is to expose skin to sunlight or ultraviolet light (UV) therapy, apply a cold pack, or apply a few electrical zaps. If itching persists, its a good idea to see a doctor to check for underlying medical conditions or itching in response to a drug. If you absolutely cant resist the urge to scratch, try rubbing the area rather than scratching it. If all else fails, a German study indicates you can lessen itching by looking into a mirror and scratching the corresponding non-itching body part. Itching Is Contagious Are you getting itchy reading this article? If so, its a completely normal reaction. Itching, like yawning, is contagious. Doctors who treat itchy patients often find themselves scratching as well. Writing about itching leads to itchiness (trust me on this). Researchers have found people attending lectures on itching scratch themselves a lot more often than if they were learning about a different topic. There may be an evolutionary advantage to scratching when you see another person or animal do it. Its likely a good indicator you might want to check for biting insects, parasites, or irritating plants.

Aesthetically Pleasing Efficient Intelligent Building Skins Engineering Essay

Aesthetically Pleasing Efficient Intelligent Building Skins Engineering Essay Architecture is no longer static and unchangeable – instead it is dynamic, responsive and conversant – The idea that building skins reflect the skins of living organisms: properly designed, they breathe, change form, and adapt to variations in climate – But can highly efficient intelligent skins still be aesthetically pleasing? â€Å"A building becomes a chameleon which adapts. A properly equipped and responsively clothed building would monitor all internal and external variables, temperature, hygrometry and light levels, solar radiation etc, to determine the best energy equation given these conditions and modify the building and it’s internal systems accordingly. It is not too much to ask of a building to incorporate, in its fabric and its nervous system, the very basic vestiges of an adaptive capability.† (Rogers 1978) The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of incorporating intelligence into a buildings faà §ade. The discussion about the energy efficiency of faà §ades has inspired many architects to no longer view the building envelope as static but as a dynamic being, that can adjust its shape, surface, function and interior spaces in real time in response to intelligent controls that monitor active feedback from the environment. Solar and wind energy, daylight, and water can be captured by buildings and reused efficiently. An Intelligent building is one that combines both active features and passive design strategies to provide maximum user comfort by using minimum energy. The intelligent faà §ade forms part of the intelligent building, it is what protects the inhabited interior whilst controlling exchanges between inside and outside at the envelope level. The plan being to respond effectively to changing climate conditions and inhabitant needs in order to improve functional performance. A buildings faà §ade doesn’t just play a key role in the sustainability of a building; adding to both energy efficien cy and the quality of the internal climate. It is also a fundamental part of the building’s aesthetic, adding to the structural outline and defining its visual impact on the urban surroundings. A faà §ade can only be described as intelligent when it makes use of natural renewable energy sources such as solar energy, airflows or ground heat to meet a building’s requirements in terms of heating, cooling and lighting. The idea that the fabric of a building can increase its interaction and response to external changes and internal demands with a prime objective of lowering the environmental load is an exciting concept. The facades almost become local, non-polluting energy suppliers to the building. The notion of intelligent building facades is not a new idea; however the implementation of high-tech skins has been slow. While fashionable and almost certainly advantageous, sceptical architects are afraid that operable components are magnets for value engineering or foresee them being stripped off their buildings in the future due to poor performance or poor maintenance. However, the rising cost of energy, latest environmental initiatives and the focus on the green propaganda has put great responsibility on architects and engineers to make continuous energy savings and this must be achieved through effective building design and clever management. Almost seven years after the European Union passed legislation requiring property owners to report on the energy performance of their buildings, a new round of tougher regulations is under way. Plans to revise the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) in 2010 are expected to result in even tighter emissions targets for new buildings. Gradually more and more architects are beginning to enjoy automating their facades rather than leaving energy-efficient functions to chance. Consequently, the crucial boundary connecting the interior environment and the elements is getting more consideration and consequ ently more animated.

Democracy History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democracy History - Essay Example This is the belief on the right of every citizen who are above a certain age bracket to participate effectively in political meetings and vote on matters discussed in the meeting. Direct democracy believes that all people who are within the rights limits should participate in the system to represent the people and ensure majority sound has the course. This participation should be regardless of the religious beliefs, gender, sexual preference, or physical well-being. The democratic right of a person can however be denied if one goes against the constitutional order (Citrin and Egan 112). The prisoners, for example, have suspension over their rights as long as one remains behind bars. Democracy applies only to those who have the right to but how many people bother to attend meeting especially if they are on working hours or after work? The most common system of democracy is the parliamentary democracy where individuals vote for leaders of their interest who represents them in the legis lative assembly. This is the indirect form of democracy and is also known as representative democracy. In this type of democracy, people elect representatives who take decision for which they are answerable at the expiry of the contract. The voters thus have the opportunity to change their government although the extent of public opinion remains subject to debate (Constant 14). It is true that some people or specific groups of people have more weight in the voting or decision making of a country in the elections of a given country. Participatory democracy is globally acceptable; however, it is hard to practice in large countries, which are highly populated. Promoting democracy Parliament is the most central institution through which all people have their interests represented and expressed. In order, for the parliament to promote the rights of the entire population effectively, it must have had democratic election and should represent the interest of majority. The parliament should have the requisite power and means to represent the interest of the people in law making and oversight functions. Generally, institutions should reinforce political culture and guarantee the rule of law in ensuring that policy follows the preferred public sentiment. Democracy models that mimic the other democratic attributes are always under pressure of lapse or authoritarianism (Dworkin 187). Democratic institutions and political cultures should engage in public opinion to create transparency in the public business as well as debates that mark a liberal regime. Democracy is transferrable because it develops from a supportive political culture. However, democratic regimes can source without long preparation or development of a sophisticated political culture. The states are other bodies that can promote democracy of its citizens. Government has the duty to ensure that its citizens enjoy democratic rights. Different countries use different method to ensure democracy prevails in the c ountry. Some countries use military force through diplomacy whereas others use ideological arguments. Generally democracy is a universal value and all people posses the right to govern themselves democratically. Good governance comes out of democracy and democracy facilitates prevention of human rights as well as economic growth (Shklar 35). Democratic organizations within a country promote good relation between the citizens. Generally, democratic peace hypothesis suggests that democracies are free of war to each other. Democracy

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foreign Policy - Essay Example Freedom is an imperative ideal in the Western culture and governance based on democratic principles upholds the aspect to the latter. The NSC 68 describes the value as a correlation of individuals or parties which is devoid of repression or intimidation; the lack of disabling rules for a certain group or person and the establishment of enabling environment; or the lack of lived situations of coercion, for example political coercion in the United States society. Whereas political liberty is usually misunderstood to mean the liberty from irrational external repression, it may also be used to connote the free enjoyment of rights, liberal aptitudes and likelihood of development, and the enjoyment of social rights. The idea can also encompass liberty from limitations on political activities or expression (Jong-Han 255-287). Equity Although inequality cannot be eliminated completely, all the members of the society should be treated the same way, before the law and by administration authorities. Nevertheless, in practice, persons with more economic muscle and education are likely to be better placed in political circles, thus often influence civil society. As a matter of fact, there may be an evenhanded political mechanism with hardly any significant levels of involvement, so long as all demographic segments and social divisions uniformly took part in the building of a society (Jong-Han 255-287). Then those who take part in the process would properly represent a section of the entire community. In view this, equity can influence the foreign policy of the United States by enhancing political justness in other countries where the federal government feels equity is hardly practiced, by increasing the population of individuals who take part in political activities and empowering civil society. When the United States encourages more people to take their destiny and the destiny of the country into their own hands through programs such as more awareness campaigns, underprivileged communities and the less educated achieve more say. Diversity According to Jong-Han (255-287), diversity is the expression used to explain political entities with participants who hold recognizable disparity in their lifestyles. It is notable that the expression implies the disparities in racial or tribal categories, age, sex, spiritual inclination, ideology, physical capacities, socioeconomic status, sexual inclination, gender identity, education, mental status, physical capacities, genetic qualities, behavior, elegance, or other recognizable attributes. In gauging human multiplicity, a variation index gauges the likelihood that any two neighbors, picked randomly, would have varied ethnic backgrounds. Diversity in this wisdom can influence the nature of United States foreign policy based on the need for a cultivation of tolerant societies which supports the different communities regardless of their unique inclinations or qualities. For instance, the country can urge other states to adopt gay legislations in order to guarantee the community of a place in the society and enhance their integration into the society (Wright 76-104) American foreign policy The United States foreign policy revolves around the manner in which the country relates with other states and establishes thresholds of correlation for its institutions, business organizations and citizens in particular. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union around 1990, the United States foreign policy became highly influential across the world, because the former was already a pale shadow of its former self, with only disparate nations to

Creative writing about George and Lennie Essay Example for Free

Creative writing about George and Lennie Essay Stumbling through the wet grass the two came frantically running, looking behind them at every few strides, breathing hard, disturbing the green grass and disrupting the harmony of the birds sitting in trees chirping and whistling the final songs of the day, while dogs barked and people shouted far behind them. A voice could be heard shouting above the crowd Theyre headed for the fields, comon! George grumbled, breathing frantically Damnit! comon you crazy bastard, they near got us! Im trying George, I swear but Is tired Lennie wheezed. The two were passing fields, when they came to an irrigation ditch, George thought about it and he pulled lennie into the ditch with him. Get your head down! George shouted but lennie didnt do a thing, George annoyed, shoved him under the murky water, they could hear the shouts getting closer and the dogs growling. A man said Where the hell did they get to? another close to him said The dogs ave lost the scent they musta went thru that ditch and off into the woods, no way we could get them now Damn ok everyone back to the town for a head count then we can all go home, its getting late With these words saw George give a sigh of relief as he gently surfaced bringing lennie with him, George taking his hat began to wring out the water, lennie copying his movements did the same, George set his crease and made his way quietly up the bank of the ditch, peering over the edge he watched torch light and man slowly disappear toward weed under the setting sun, he turned back to lennie, Now why the hell did you touch that gals dress? Comon you better have a good excuse or Ill clobber ya! Lennie was whimpering like a fearful puppy Honest George I dint mean no wrong, I jus wanted to feel her dress George yelled why? Lennie? Hmm? What so good about that dress? lennie cowered in his jacket his shoulders covering his cheeks It was so purty George, it was red colored and soft as a rabbit, you know how I likes rabbits George Seeing the glow in his face when he said it made George calm down, he remember who lennie was, he settled down do a smile Ya big lummox, one day your gonna get us some real trouble, but youre my responsibility so we gotta stick close lennie returned a half hearted grin still slightly frigtenened Ok George George got up to look around once more, he spotted an old barn not far from the ditch they were in. Right comon now we get us some shut-eye then try and get us some work, some place Lennies face lit up remembering what this all lead up to An I get to tend the rabbits George! Huh? Huh? Yeah, yeah but we gotta get us a stake first George replied George and lennie had settled down in the old barn, its walls were white with paint peeling, the roof was held up by 3 beams across the top and toward the ground, the winds outside made the barn creak eerily and lennie was having trouble sleeping, the ground was scattered with straw and the only thing in the barn was some sacks, tools and a work bench, it was less a barn than a shed. George? George you asleep What? George cant you do somethin about the wind? No, now go to sleep, have to wake up early tomorra' George said still half asleep Sorry George lennie said, eventually the morning came. lennie! Lennie! Wake up! Comon we gonna miss the damn bus! ok George, ok lennie said as he packed his bindle and sorted himself, and hurried off with George They had gotten to the stop just in time, they paid their fare, and were on their way to get some work at.

The Admirable Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Othello, William Shakespeare’s moving tragedy, gives the audience a number of victims, one of whom is Cassio. But this rugged guy keeps recovering and coming back to enter the fray. Let’s talk about him in detail. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello, explains the ins and outs of Cassio’s personality: Cassio is defined partly by the exigencies of the plot, which require him to have a poor head for drinking and to have a mistress; but his chivalric worship of Desdemona, his affectionate admiration for Othello, which enable him even at the end to call him ‘Dear General† and to speak of his greatness in heart, and his professional reputation, which only Iago impugns, build up a complex portrait of an attractive, if flawed, character. In spite of his weaknesses, we can understand why Iago should be envious of the ‘daily beauty in his life’ and why Desdemona should speak so warmly for his reinstatement. (41)    The opening scene finds Iago explaining his hatred of the general to Roderigo. Part of his bad feeling concerns Cassio, who reportedly has no military battlefield experience. In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley rejects the ancient’s accusation that Cassio is an inexperienced soldier:    That Cassio, again, was an interloper and a mere closet-student without experience of war is incredible, considering first that Othello chose him for lieutenant, and secondly that the Senate appointed him to succeed Othello in command at Cyprus; and we have direct evidence that part of Iago’s statement is a lie, for Desdemona happens to mention that Cassio was a man who ‘all his time’ had ‘founded his good fortunes’ on Othello’s love and had ‘shared dangers’ wi... ...Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86)    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

Textbook Analysis

University of Latvia Faculty of Humanities Department of English Studies Textbook Analysis 3rd year, group B student Kristaps Briedis Riga 2013 Introduction The â€Å"Focus on Advanced English C. A. E. † is written by Sue O’Connell and first published in Pearson Education Limited at the Edinburgh Gate, Harlow in year 1999, and the edition at hand is the thirteenth impression printed in 2006. The textbook is oriented for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination.Further, the analysis of syllabus will be based on the material given in the revised and updated edition of the â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † The whole text book consists of 240 pages. It includes fourteen units, which are divided according to different topics (e. g. Severe Weather, Time Eaters, Stress etc. ). Each unit of the â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † is devoted to the development of all language skills: reading, writing, listening, speaking. Moreo ver, there are grammar and vocabulary tasks in each unit. One unit from the â€Å"Advanced English C. A.E. † (Unit 12 â€Å"Living Dangerously†) was chosen for the analysis of the whole book, because each unit is devoted to the development of all language skills and thus, it is enough to analyze only one of them in order to understand how the whole book â€Å"works†. Reading Reading can be defined as the process of constructing meaning from written texts (Online 1). Thus, learning reading skills means understanding the text what one reads. But why do we need to understand what we read? According to Harmer (2001:200), there are two types of reasons for reading.The first is instrumental reason, which means that people read because it helps him/her to achieve particular goal (e. g. people read road signs in order to know where to go). The other type is called pleasurable. That means that the reason for reading some particular text is to get pleasure (e. g. reading illustrated cartoon). Thus, it does not matter what reason the student has, it is important for him/her to practice reading skills. Unit 12 of the â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † offers the students two reading exercises.The first text is the magazine article called â€Å"Living Dangerously. † It contains about 400 words and is divided into 8 paragraphs. There is a pre-reading exercise, which students should do before reading the main text. The pre-reading exercises motivate the students and encourage their involvement in the topic and theme of the text (Online 2). After doing a pre-reading and a while-reading activity, students are asked to fill the gaps in the article choosing the proper paragraph (from A-G) given after the text.In order to achieve a general understanding of a text, the students do extensive reading, which includes scanning (a quick reading, focusing on locating specific information) and skimming (a quick reading to know how the passage is organize d and to get an idea of the intention of the writer) (Online 3). Finally, the post-reading exercise is given to check how the students have understood the text and to develop their critical thinking. In this exercise the students are asked to find given expressions in the text and work out the meaning of them from the context (e. g. ested interest might mean a personal stake or involvement in an undertaking or situation). As the second task, a newspapers article â€Å"You are caught in a fire then what? † is given. It is about two times longer than previous article (about 800 words). Firstly, students are asked to scan the text (to read it quickly) in order to be able to answer some questions in pre-reading activity (e. g. Who devised the Survival Game and why? ). Then, students should read the article more carefully in order to do the following post-reading exercise. This type of exercise is different from the first one.In the second case students have to answer multiple cho ice questions. There are 6 questions with 4 answers in each. Some advantages of this type of exercises are the following: multiple choice exercises require less time than some written tasks, it is considered to be more objective than a usual written task, and â€Å"it will allow assessing one’s knowledge without taking into account all the irrelevant factors† (Online 4). Writing Writing is said to be a method of representing language in visual or tactile form (Online 5). And more important it is a skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text (Online 6).There are many reasons why writing is important, for example, the ability to express one’s thoughts and ideas, communicative competence (letters), also it serves as a record, as in expressing one’s ideas for future references (Online 6). There are different types of writing – writing to inform, educational writing, writing to entertain, persuasive writing and motivational writing (Onli ne 7). To improve writing skills there are some essential instructions that need to be performed – research, think, organize, write, edit, revise, relax (Online 7).Two writing exercises are included into the unit 12 of the â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † The first exercise is writing an article (~250 words) about an interesting adventure. The textbook has a good approach to the writing tasks as it provides a ‘Task Checklist’, where there are several guideline questions concerning format and approach, content and organization, style and the target reader, for example, ‘Who are the magazine readers? ’ or ‘What language features are needed for this content? ’.Also the textbook provides a ‘Writing File’, where the features of different types of writing – formal and informal letters, articles, reports, reviews and so on – are shown. The second part of the exercise is the involvement of some structures in th e article in order to emphasize or add some dramatic effect, for example, writing sentences using inversion (a reversal of normal word order) or cleft structure (A construction in which some element in a sentence is moved from its normal position into a separate clause to give it greater emphasis) (Online 8).The second exercise on writing consists of writing a memo (~50 words) and a report (~200 words) about the security in collage. The essential part in this task is to use the information that is already given, but using one’s own words. The task also has a ‘Task Checklist’ with the guideline questions and indication to the ‘Writing File’ and also includes the explanation and tips on writing a memo. â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † aim is based on covering different types of writing.The Unit 12 included persuasive writing (writing a memo), which improves the skills of argumentation (Online 7), and informative writing (writing an article). Th e tasks are well organized and easy to understand, they provide comprehensible instructions and also some tips for writing the given type of the text. Additionally there is a supplement, where the features of the different types of texts are enclosed, so it is easy for a student to rapidly find the necessary information. Listening Listening is the ability to accurately receive messages in the communication process (Online 9).Listening is not an easy process because the listener should concentrate and understand everything what he/she hears on the spot. It is impossible for the listener to adjust the pace of speech, listen again or check an unknown word. In addition, listening is not the same as hearing as listening means paying attention to not only what is being told, but also to the manner how it is being told. According to the statistics, adults spend approximately 70% of time communicating, while approximately 45% of the time spent on communication is listening (Online 9).After a short explanation on what is listening and why it is so important in everyday communication, it is essential to look how listening is taught in schools. The textbook under analysis provides mostly two (in some units – one) listening tasks in each unit. According to Rost (2002), listening tasks can be divided into three phases: pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening. This division is not always present in the textbook because in quite many of the tasks pre-listening or post-listening is missing.Pre-listening and post-listening are very important because pre-listening is like a warm-up for while-reading as it ‘activates the background knowledge and  integrates  the directions of listening’ (Helgesen, 1998), while post-reading ‘allows the learner to build mental representations and develop shortterm second language memory, and increase motivation for listening a second time’ (Rost, 2002). The textbook presents such pre-reading tasks as questions on the theme and vocabulary related exercises. In Unit 12 two vocabulary related exercises are offered as lead-in tasks into the following istening tasks as well as into the whole unit and theme. All while-listening tasks are divided into four different types or parts (as they are called in the book). In parts 1 and 2 a monologue or sometimes a dialogue can be heard. The task type used in these parts is mostly filling in the gaps. The students are tested for ability of hearing specific information (or bottom-up listening), which, according to Helgesen (1998), is similar to scanning. He writes that listening to specific information is difficult as students ‘try to catch everything, often taking the time to mentally translate it into their mother tongue’ (Helgesen, 1998).A longer recording of a discussion or conversation can be heard in the part 3. The student’s ability of understanding the text as a whole (or top-down listening), including the gist and s pecific information, is tested in this part. The task types are filling in the gaps, sentence completion and four-option multiple choice questions. In part 4 five short extracts can be heard. Students are asked to identify the situation or topic, the manner and the attitude of speaking, the goal of the speaker or specific information. The task types are multiple matching or three-option multiple choice questions.The while-listening texts are in the form of formal and informal conversations, public announcements and private messages. The while-listening tasks in Unit 12 are of parts 1 and 3. Both exercises are filling in the gaps, and the recording can be heard twice in each of them. The few post-reading tasks are mostly questions on the theme, for example, the task in Unit 12 asks to imagine yourself in the situation connected with the previously heard text and discuss what you would do yourself, which is quite creative and interesting post-reading exercise.Most of the tasks are one -way as ‘all input comes from an outside source (like a videotape) to the learner’ not from outside, for example, a speaking partner (Rost, 2002). In addition, the listening sub-skills, such as skimming, scanning, note-taking, understanding attitudinal and conceptual meanings, understanding unfamiliar lexical items through context, understanding relationships within the sentence, also are taught in the textbook (Online 10). Speaking Speaking is  the delivery of language through the mouth (Online 11). Speaking skills enable learners to enter the community of the target language (Kramina, 2000: 86).This vocalized form of language usually requires at least one listener (of course, some people talk to themselves! ) – speech can flow naturally from one person to another in the form of dialogue, or it can also be planned and rehearsed, as in the delivery of a speech or presentation (Online 11). According to Kramina (2000), to act as a speaker participating in the com municative process, the learner must be able to carry out a sequence of skilled actions which comprise: cognitive, linguistic, and phonetic skills. There are speaking tasks throughout the textbook under analysis that help practice and enhance those skills.There are four parts to the speaking tasks in â€Å"Advanced English C. A. E. † each focusing on different speaking skills and sub-skills. Part 1 focuses on general social language – general social English and the ability to interact with other people in English. Part 2 focuses on transactional language – ability to give information clearly. Part 3 practices negotiation and collaboration skills, and Part 4 is designed to test the ability to report, explain, summarise and to develop a discussion naturally. Pictures and other visual prompts are used in Parts 2 and 3 to cue various tasks.Unit 12 of the textbook under analysis includes four speaking tasks – three of them concerning Parts 3 and 4, and one on Part 2. According to Kramina (2000) the development of communicative ability requires a range of suitable classroom activities that should provide learners with a degree of communicative urgency so that they have something interesting to say and a reason to communicate with their partners. Learners may be motivated to communicate by the enjoyment of playing a game, the challenge and satisfaction in solving a problem or completing a project.Tasks 1 through 3 focus specifically on problem solving. In task 1 the learners are faced with an unfinished statement and five possible variants to conclude it: the learners are to engage in a discussion and give well-founded answers to the follow-up questions. The correct answers can then be found on the answer page of the book. Task 2 consists of parts a and b. Part a is a work in pairs, where each of the participants are to imagine themselves in a particular problematic/ difficult situation and have to come up with a sound solution, or choose one from the already given visual prompts.In part b, the participants have to briefly explain to the rest of the class the decisions they came to with their partners, and say how far they agree or disagree with the opinions of others. Task 3 is a discussion of points concerning the topic of the unit. Several questions are given, designed to encourage the learners to use their existing knowledge on the subject, brainstorm for new solutions and express personal opinions. Next to these three tasks, tips are given on how to develop the discussions further by listening and responding to what your partner says and allowing the partner to comment on what you say.The last speaking exercise of the unit concentrates on both presenting information clearly and listening carefully to the information given by a partner. Students have to work in pairs and each gets a picture to look at – the pictures are of the same scene but there are several differences between them. First, Student A is t o describe the left-hand side of his picture in detail, while Student B listens carefully and notes any differences (without interrupting), and when A has finished, B should mentions any differences noticed.Then vice versa, Student B describes the right-hand side of the picture, while Student A studies for differences. When students are done with both parts of the task, they are to look at the two pictures together and compare their answers to the list given on a different page. This textbook is, however, lacking tasks that would help with the phonetic skills development, so it would be up to the teacher to help students learn the skills to articulate the utterance appropriately. (Kramina 2000: 65)Conclusions Although â€Å"Focus on Advanced English C. A. E. † is a textbook designed specifically as an integrated course for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination, it covers all the essential language skills for foreign language learning and is suitable for English language acquisition, and is generally a good material for the preparation of several other English examinations, e. g. , the English examination of Secondary education in Latvia.The textbook offers 14 units covering a wide variety of stimulating topics, authentic reading texts from a range of sources, thorough practice of all language skills, a Grammar File with detailed information of all points covered in the units, and a Writing File with model text types and useful language, all coming from the experienced teacher, teacher trainer and examiner Sue O’Connell. References 1. Harmer J. (2001) English Language teaching. England: Pearson Education Ltd. 2. Helgesen, M. 1998) ESL Magazine. 1 (4): 24-25. Available from http://www. mgu. ac. jp/~ic/helgesen/marc. article2. htm [Accessed March 5, 2013]. 3. Rost, M. (2002) Listening Tasks and Language Acquisition. Available from http://jalt-publications. org/archive/proceedings/2002/018. pdf [Accessed Mar ch 5, 2013]. 4. Kramina, I. (2000) Linguo-didactic Theories Underlying Multi-purpose Language Acquisition. Riga: University of Latvia. Online Sources 1. Available from http://lrs. ed. uiuc. edu/students/jblanton/read/readingdef. tm [Accessed March 6, 2013]. 2. Available from http://tlc. cet. ac. il/ShowItem. aspx? ItemID=ccd2b528-84f5-4078-a76f-d6b1243f26e9&lang=EN [Accessed March 6, 2013]. 3. Available from http://fis. ucalgary. ca/Brian/611/readingtype. html [Accessed March 6, 2013]. 4. Available from http://www. multiplechoicequestionsservice. com/multiple-choice-questions-advantages/ [Accessed March 6, 2013]. 5. Available from: http://www. omniglot. com/writing/definition. htm [Accessed March 6, 2013].

The Conception of Substance Dualism

The Conception of Substance Dualism Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher, created the idea of Substance dualism. Descartes states that the mind and the body are two separate entities that possess different characteristics. The mind, a theoretical substance, cannot be viewed in space as a material substance using tradition measuments such as height or weight. Because of this, only the physical body can be extended, not the mind, separating the two into the theory of substance dualism. Throughout the many Meditations, multiple concepts are introduced in order to prove this seemingly complex notion.A principle that Descartes often employed and of great interest to me is that nothing can come from nothing and provides an excellent basis for the many ideas surrounding substance dualism. Descartes concluded that because no perfect idea can be created by something imperfect, the idea that an indefinitely perfect God exists must have been place in us by a perfect God. Descartes uses very complex and convincing arguments to prove the existence of God and the separation of mind and body. Cartesian theory essentially proves each sub-idea until the main idea is reached.By using a step-by-step methodology for proving God’s existence and substance dualism, it is very difficult to find a flaw in his theories. Because nonexistence is an imperfection, God must exist because he has placed a perfect thought of him into us. This is Descartes first reasoning as to why God exists. Next Descartes says that because deception is an imperfection, God cannot be a deceiver, loosely disproving doubt of objects and surroundings. Descartes reasoning for separating mind and body is as follows.He states that because I have a clear and distinct conception of myself as a thinking thing without extension, the mind cannot exist in space. Because he also recognizes the body however as having extension, It cannot be a res-cogitans. Despite his methodology, it is difficult to agre e with Descartes on his theory of substance dualism. He connects each idea in a logical way, but the main picture seems too irrational. If the mind and the body are separate as he states using the theory of doubt, what is the agent of movement and extendibility for the body?If the mind is not extendible, it seemingly cannot control the function of a body. Descartes states later on that the mind connects to the body through the Pineal gland. Most Cartesian theorists, refuse to accept this theory because it contradicts Descartes original theory of substance dualism. A non-extendable object cannot connect to an extendable one because Descartes argues that the mind is immeasurable in space. In addition, Descartes has no grounds to question the existence of his own body. According to him, Gods very existence proves his perfection.A perfect God is incapable of deception meaning that all objects on earth exist, including our bodies. In conclusion, Descartes does an admirable job in creatin g a logical format that shows how God can exist. Furthermore, his belief that the mind and body are separate entities based on extension and thought makes sense until he questions the existence of our bodies. In doing this, Descartes is contradicting his original theory about deception and raises new questions. Descartes makes good arguments but is missing key concepts that cause his theory to ultimately fail.

My Over 1000000 Purchase essays

My Over 1000000 Purchase essays I have given some thought to a big purchase after I get out of college. It will probably be a new car. I have always loved Volkswagens , and I think I would like to purchase a New Beetle. I own a 1961 VW Beetle, also known as a type 1. It is Cherry Red, and that is why I picked a New Beetle the same color. Through a lot of looking I have found a Cherry Red, 1998 VW New Beetle. It has 3,923 miles, power windows, locks, brakes, and tilt steering wheel. It also includes a sports pack. Which is alloy rims, rapped in 15 inch Michelins and a chrome dress up kit for the engine and exterior along with wood dress for the interior. You gain some speed with some help from a racing series transmission, from Empi motor sports. The price is $18,495, plus 6% sales tax. Taking the car to a total of $19,604. But, remember that in the state of PA it is illegal to drive without insurance on you automobile. So, I have added another $1,200 for a year of insurance. This car is rated as THE safest compact car on the road today. Provided by dual side airbags and passenger/drivers side airbags too. And with every car is a factory installed security system. With the price of insurance, sales tax, plus the purchase price, the total is a whopping $20,804. How may he buy that you say? Well, my great grandmother (god rest her soul) has left me $25,000 to do what I may with. I will only be spending a fraction of the money so, I have thought about installing a decal kit on the body along with a ground effects kit. This will take a little money. It racks up to $2,370. I have even thought about sticking a nice stereo system in it so I can rock and drive. It will probably be a Rockford system with enough speakers and amps to lift me off the ground. I think that I made a very good decision on the type of car I chose. Not only is it a very efficient car, but it is safe and secure too. With the decal kit and stereo ...

Intellectual Capital development through Soft Systems Thinking Essay

Intellectual Capital development through Soft Systems Thinking - Essay Example In truth, all of the components of a business are essential in the systematic flow of finances (Strassman, 1998). This paper discusses the importance and significance of 'intellectual capital' and its impact to a business endeavour through the application of soft systems thinking methods. Intellectual capital can be defined in many ways and its definition usually depends on the economic theory applied to it. The most common definition of intellectual capital states that it is a combination of both instructional (e.g. training materials coming from the employers) and individual capital (e.g. enthusiasm and mindset of an employee) in a financially-productive enterprise. Another common definition is that it is a form of capital that generates intellectual rights. 'Intellectual capital' is assumed to be intangible but is nevertheless significant in any enterprise. It has no monetary value and is not include in the actual accounting but it generates products that are considered to be intellectual in nature (Wikipedia, 2006a). Economic theorists apply the term 'intellectual capital' in most modern financial sectors such as information technology (IT), innovative research, technological protocols and many more fields which are associated because of their use of modern technology. This definition may be due to the emphasis of modern economic theorists to industrial concepts. These definitions may have also originated from the Internet boom of the mid-nineties and the early years of 2000. During this period in history, professionals working on the information and computer technology sectors banded together to form several computer companies, some of which has achieved monumental success which continues up to today. This notion relates to the 1970's-80's 'tulip boom', where the whole world seemed to be entranced with tulips and their complimentary products. During that time, manufacturers and distributors of came up with various permutations of their products as they assigned different prices for each of the combination of tulips and their complimentary products such as pots. In the same way, computer professional constantly repackage and revise their products to market them in some other price group. Many consumers consider this as a sly ploy done by manufacturers for them to buy their products (Wikipedia, 2006a). Leonard-Barton (1992 -1995) emphasised on the significance of knowledge in the formation of creative and innovative ideas on brainstorming activities done by most companies. Her studies reveal that the distribution and dissemination of knowledge to persons that are involved sparks innovation. She believes that the added social interactions done in the brainstorming activities are crucial and proves to be very effective in the creation of new ideas and knowledge for the firm. When persons contribute their own ideas to each other, organisational knowledge is formed thereby increasing the firm's knowledge base and creative capacities. These capabilities are innate to the participants and are not easily copied, obtained or stolen by others forming the so-called 'competitive edge' of the company (Gao et al, 2002). The management of (restricted) knowledge among employees now becomes an actual part of intellectual capital which will provide the necessary 'push' or leverage needed for

Hill vs. Bell - Tort Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hill vs. Bell - Tort Case - Essay Example Potentially, this case has to be resolved through various legal concepts (especially the doctrines of nuisance and trespass), using various statutes, and case laws. Body Legal Concepts The relevant legal concepts that would be applicable in this case are the doctrine of nuisance and doctrine of negligence that are a part of the English tort laws. Tort is civil wrongs that have to be differentiated from criminal wrongs. A tort remedy would not include damage to the public in general but require action from one citizen who has faced damages due to the act of the owner of the property. Arising from tort several other civil wrongs arises including battery, trespass, and conversion (The Locke Institute, 2011). According to the Concept of negligence, one person owes a duty of care towards another person and any breach of this duty of care is a liability under tort, and damages have to be paid by the person whose act is negligent. Due to the breach of duty to one person, the other person ha s to suffer damages, and this act by the other person would likely to be the cause of the duty of care. However, in this case, since Hill has not suffered significant damages due to the fruits falling into his property, he cannot use the doctrine of negligence. ... Some of the common disturbances that may be present include noise pollution, barking dogs, dumping of wastes, constant domestic quarrels, etc. In this case, Bell’s fruits are a constant source of nuisance as they are falling into the property of Hill and are a potential source of damage. The branch has infringed upon Hill’s property and hence Hill can use the Doctrine of Nuisance to claim damages for the falling fruits (North Carolina Bar Association, 2004). Using the doctrine of nuisance Hill can claim damages in the form of payment of damages or seeking an injunction (Crown Prosecution Service, 2011). In case of damages, Bell has to make do of the loss by payment of any amount that has been lost by Hill from the falling fruits. In case there is a high chance that the infringement act of Bell (for example in this case not cutting the branches) continues, then the court can issue an injunction and provide relief to Hill in the form of ensuring that the tree branches has to be trimmed till the property wall of Hill (British Law, 2011). Another doctrine that could be used by Hill is the doctrine of trespass is the damages suffered by one or one’s property due to the acts of the defendant that are an infringement to the plaintiff or his property. Under British law, the same has been classified as a trespass to one’s land and could be committed intentionally or accidentally (Crown Prosecution Service, 2011). Relevant statutes As per the statutes of UK, The land owner would be the owner of that particular tree, even if the tree has been grown by somebody else, or the branches or the roots of the tree protrude into the neighbouring property. Here, if the branches or the